Frederick Barbarossa Essays - Hohenstaufen Dynasty,

Frederick Barbarossa Frederick Barbarossa, as other men of his age, was affected by a developing resurgence of neoclassical sensibilities. It ought not thusly be viewed as astounding that he would have viewed himself as administering as Frederick, by the finesse of God sovereign of the Romans and august forever...(A letter to Otto of Freisling) He like different pioneers previously and since saw and invited the distinction and feeling of authenticity offered by the title of Roman Emperor. To accomplish this, rulers since the hour of Charlamegne had regularly ventured out to Rome so as to be delegated Emperor. The pope as beneficiary to the Church of Constantine gave the representative connection between the Roman past and the current Empire. It was in this light in 1154 Frederick entered Italy, to be delegated in Rome and affirm his mastery over Northern Italy in that capacity. His resulting inclusion in Italy was to bring him and his family line into clashes, which would effectsly affect the eventual fa te of the Hohenstaufen line and the German Monarchy. Accordingly, when other predominant illustrious families were laying the foundations of amazing national governments, Hohenstaufen power and the Holy Empire disintegrated. Frederick Barbarossa's mom, Judith, was a Guelph , Frederick gone about as an arbiter between his Hohenstaufen uncle Conrad, and his Guelph cousin, Henry the Lion. Before his passing Conrad III named Frederick as his replacement, trusting that Frederick's rule would end the dissension between the adversary places of Hohenstaufen and Guelphs. In 1152, Frederick placated Germany by broadcasting a general land harmony to end the turmoil, and in 1156 he fulfilled Henry the Lion by reestablishing the duchy of Bavaria to him, at a similar time making Austria into another duchy as a stabilizer to Henry's capacity. In Italy, Frederick's strategy was to reestablish the majestic force, which had for all intents and purposes vanished because of disregard by past rulers. It was in this way vital for him to accommodate with the pope. In a Bargain in 1153 with Pope Eugene III, Frederick vowed to help him against Arnold of Brescia and against the incredible Normans in Sicily. Frederick entered Italy in 1154 and was delegated in Rome on June 18, 1155. The hesitance of his soldiers to stay in Italy constrained him to come back to Germany without helping the new pope, Adrian IV, against King William I of Sicily. Adrian, aligned himself with William in 1156, betrayed Frederick. At the Diet of Besan?on in 1157 the ecclesiastical legate introduced a letter that Frederick deciphered as a case by the pope that the realm was an ecclesiastical fief. Frederick answered that he held the seat through the appointment of the sovereigns from God alone and arranged to attack Italy, where Milan had started the success of Lombardy. Adrian clarified that he had not expected that understanding of his words, yet Frederick entered Italy, held onto Milan, and at the Diet of Roncaglia in 1158 laid case, as head and lord of the Lombard's, to eve ry majestic right, including the arrangement of a magnificent representative, in each town. The gracelessness of his German authorities prompted the revolt of Milan, Brescia, Crema, and their partners, in 1159. The revolt was subtly supported by Adrian IV. After a long attack, Frederick raged and consumed Milan in 1162. He likewise set up an antipope to Adrian's replacement, Alexander III, who expelled him. Frederick pulled back incidentally, however returned in 1166, caught Rome, and was planning to assault the pope's Sicilian partners when his military was hit by a plague and he had to pull back. In 1167 the Italian cooperatives joined against Frederick as the Lombard League, and Frederick withdrew with trouble to Germany, where he went to expanding his regional force and placating the continually quarreling German sovereigns. In 1174 he came back to Italy. He was unequivocally crushed at Legnano by the Lombard League in 1176, incompletely in light of absence of help from the German rulers, maybe most prominently Henry the Lion. After his annihilation Frederick submitted to the pope; he consented to perceive Alexander III as pope and was a short time later reestablished to fellowship. He made harmony with the Lombard towns, which was later affirmed by the Peace of Constance

The eNotes Blog Celebrating 200 Years of Pride and Prejudice (and Darcy,mmmm)

Celebrating 200 Years of Pride and Prejudice (and Darcy,mmmm) I need to reveal to you that I have my own dear kid from London. These are the words Jane Austen kept in touch with her sister Cassandra 200 years prior, on January 29th, 1813. Also, the dear youngster she talked about? In all honesty her firstborn novel, of coursePride Prejudice. The tale was distributed only a day prior, after numerous long periods of entries to and dismissals by different London distributers. Austen had finished the composition with its unique title of First Impressions in 1797. From that point, such huge numbers of imminent distributers declined to try and see the work that PP experienced 14 years of substantial altering to become what it is today. Finally, the manager Thomas Egerton purchased the book for a meagerâ â £110, the likeness just $172 today. Fortunately, as it is a fact all around recognized, Pride Prejudice proceeded to become the elegant novel of now is the right time, yet one of the most cherished (and acquired) accounts of English writing. 200 years on, it motivates everything from its unequivocal side projects (Death at Pemberley, Pride and Prejudice and Zombies, and so forth), to the more unpretentiously taken chick-lit and film plots of today. What's more, presently, in the seven day stretch of this achievement commemoration, a large number of articles devoted to everything Austenesque. So feast your eyes on these abstract snack, Darcy darlings: 12 Things You Didnt Know About Pride Prejudice The 2 Problems in Pride Prejudice, According to PD James Putting forth the defense for the best Darcy: will it be Colin Firth, or Matthew Macfadyen? The Real Face of Jane Austen Heres another intriguing couple of goodies I ran over today Ever considered what Austens counterparts and individual creators thought of her self-admitted light, and brilliant, and shining novel? It appears that Charlotte Bront㠫â was none excessively dazzled, however shockingly it was by virtue of the books absence of a trademark scene more than everything else: Charlotte Brontã «,â in a letter to [the critic] Lewes, composed that Pride and Prejudiceâ was a mistake, a painstakingly fenced, exceptionally developed nursery, with slick outskirts and fragile blossoms; butâ no open nation, no natural air, no blue slope, no bonny beck. Then, in 1937 the artist W.H. Auden shamelessly considered that Austen was dreadfully experienced for a woman of her word of her time and social standing: You were unable to stun her more than she stuns me, Close to her Joyce seems guiltless as grass. It makes me generally awkward to see An English old maid of the working class Portray the passionate impacts of metal, Uncover so honestly and with such temperance The financial premise of society. So there you have it, a couple of succulent subtleties encompassing by a wide margin the best sentiment plot in British writing. In any case, if youd like to find out additional, there are a lot of study guides for, you know, such significant scholarly stuff: Pride Prejudice Study Guide Jane Austen Biography Recorded Context of the Novel Character Analysis of the Novel also, significantly more on ! Be watching out for approaches to commend the commemoration in your general vicinity. With this numerous Austenites around the world, there must be a Meryton ball some place close by. By what method will you celebrate 200 years of PP?

46 Excruciating Days And Nights Of Not Buying Books

46 Excruciating Days And Nights Of Not Buying Books Every year, I brainstorm something to sacrifice for 46 days and nights. Some years, I find something I can do. Some years, I consider both. This year for Lent, I found myself in Mississippi, a new place, with six weeks of luggage. Along with yoga pants, crystals, and my grandmother’s ring, I had lugged 16 books. On Ash Wednesday, I pinpoint my sacrifice. I remember two holiday pictures from photo albums. In one, I hold roller skates and display a courtesy crooked smile. In the other, I hold a book about cats. The moons of my eyes say everything: part laugh, part soul-smile, part squeal. I don’t even love cats like that, or remember receiving or reading that particular paperback, but my love of literature has deepened, become an even larger part of me. New books seem perfect, pain-inducing. On Day 2 of not buying books, my love and I walk to the library. I want a library card but forget to bring a piece of mail with a local address. Seeing my disappointment, the librarian suggests the book swap stations. I leave with The Kitchen God’s Wife by Amy Tan and a thesaurus, which I’m ecstatic over. Our cottage’s WiFi is as slow as our promenade, and my dictionary was lonely. During a soul-to-soul talk with my cousin, she recommends a transformative book. Mid-conversation, I download a preview. I finish it and wish I could charge it. It’s only Day 3. During Lent, I will repeat this action of sampling and yearning nine times. By Day 10, I apply for my library card and leave with There There by Tommy Orange, disbelieving my luck. I finish it in ten days. In the evenings leading up to Day 26, I obsess over a coupon. On its expiration date, I ask my husband if I can receive books for Easter. His answer: of course. I add two titles to my cart, and save him 10% and shipping (for being a member) plus an additional 15%. I wonder how I will bear what looms like a lifetime to read Namwali Serpell’s The Old Drift. On the morning of Day 27, I call the library, asking for three books. I zone out as they offer an apology. I thank them for checking then draft an email to a publicity firm, begging for galleys. Knowing this isn’t my best moment, I save it to my drafts to revise the desperation out of it. That night, I receive a $50 rebate for buying $141 of something. Since I never counted on this impossible thing, it feels like free money. Because I can’t use it at ATMs or gas pumps, I try to buy eyeliner and BB cream, but the site keeps kicking me off, insisting I refresh my cart. Frustrated, I ask my husband if it’s cheating to spend the unexpected moneyâ€"that feels so unlike moneyâ€"on books. “Does it expire?” he asks. I nod, and he says it’s OK. I buy him an album and myself Good Talk  by Mira Jacob, which I read all 368 pages of in one sitting. I buy Samantha Irby’s Meaty, and suspect karma as the internet kicks my computer off 8,293 times while downloading the ebook. In Catholic fashion, I feel guilty. When Easter arrives, we spend our first weekend in our new home. Among boxes and with travel approaching, I only dream of buying books. I take my money to Los Angeles and Pittsburgh. Thankfully, I’ve discovered alternative ways to read new titles, and this knowledge gives longer than my Lenten promise takes. In L.A., a friend in editing selects ARCs for me. In the Burgh, another friend, who teaches, gifts me extra copies, and I share my duplicate books with her. With what I saved and maybe more, I restock my library.

The Shortcomings Of Trumps Presidential Position In The...

These early instances of political trouble are further reflected in Trump’s exceptionally low approval ratings, which indicate the public’s swelling dissatisfaction with the current operation of government, the weakening of the Reagan regime, and the looming possibility of political disjunction. Recent polls establish Trump’s approval rating at 38 percent--a number largely unprecedented so early into a president’s first term (Gallup). Disjunctive presidents often suffer from the lowest approval ratings of other regime leaders because of the shortcomings and disadvantages they already face when they first enter office. Carter experienced similarly low public favor relative to other presidents during the F.D.R. regime, garnering an average†¦show more content†¦This tone directly contrasts Congress’s GOP-led attempt to gut the independent ethics committee, and as a result, House Republicans faced backlash from the president over Twitter: †Å"With all that Congress has to work on, do they really have to make the weakening of the Independent Ethics Watchdog, as unfair as it may be, their number one act and priority† (Trump, 2017). Additionally, Trump’s promised agenda, however nebulous and fickle it may be, proposes massive infrastructure spending, sharp tariffs on specific imports, and some flip-flopping opposition to regional trade deals and treaties such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), North American Treaty Organization (NATO), and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). These aspects of his potential agenda do not align with those of his more traditional Republican predecessors, and while the Trump administration has yet to enact legislation or an executive order that openly clashes with the establishment, his foreshadowed divergence from longstanding conservative ideology parallels the relationship Carter had with the New Deal regime. Certain presidents, especially late-regime affiliates like Trump, are forced towards this point of departure by the conglomeration of different problems that festered long before their tenure. As a result, these presidents severe from the â€Å"standard formulas and priorities set in the old agenda,† but in the processShow MoreRelatedThe Decline Of Nation State And The End Of The Rights Of Man Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pagesdomino effect, the exertions of WWI dismantled the European aggregation of nations beyond repair. In addition, inflation, unemployment, civil wars, and migration caused the rise of stateless individuals, those who have lost the protection of their government and who therefore rely on international agreements for safeguarding. However, following World War II (WWII), the term â€Å"statelessness† was replaced by the term â€Å"displaced person,† no longer recognizing the pandemic obstacle and implying that theRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesExtreme Jobs 610 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior 616 623 Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 About the Authors Stephen P. Robbins Education Ph.D. University of Arizona Professional Experience Academic Positions: Professor, San Diego State University, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, University of Baltimore, Concordia University in Montreal, and University of Nebraska at Omaha. Research: Research interests have focused on conflict, power, and

Enterprise Risk Management ( Erm ) - 1166 Words

Literature Review Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) In light of the fraud scandals that took place in 2001 and 2002 companies all over the world have been introduced to a new system to help incorporate corporate governance, risk management, and the requirements made by the SOX. That new system is known as Enterprise Risk Management (ERM). The ERM system has been suggested to be the new system to help companies predict risk and help achieve their overall objectives (Arena, Arnaboldi, Azzone, 2011). The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) has defined â€Å"ERM as a process, effected by an entity’s board of directors, management, and other personnel, applied in strategy setting and across the enterprise, designed to identify potential events that may affect the entity, and manage risk to be within its risk appetite, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of entity objectives† (Arena, Arnaboldi, Azzone, 2011, Baxter, et al., 2013). In addition, the COSO identifies eight unified components that consist of the internal environment, objectives setting, event identification, risk assessment, risk response, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring (Arena, Arnaboldi, Azzone, 2011). Companies who implement an ERM system and follow these eight components help to guarantee the accomplishment of the company’s overall objective across their different organizational levels. The ERM system entrenchesShow MoreRelatedI.Introduction . Enterprise Risk Management (Erm) Started2499 Words   |  10 PagesI. Introduction Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) started to steady down at the end of 1990s and has been mostly recognized as the expectations for the effective management and corporate governance. (Fraser and Simkins, 2016) This report divided into 4 parts base on the understanding of ERM and Marks Spencer (MS) 2016 Annual report. Firstly, a literature review of ERM to determine the appropriate comprehension of ERM in MS. Secondly, this report introduced basic situation of MS Corporation toRead MoreEnterprise Risk Management ( Erm )1741 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction âž ¢ What is Enterprise Risk Management (ERM)? Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) is process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the activities of an organization in order to minimize the effect of risk on an organizations capital and earnings. ERM expands the process to include not just risks associated with accidental losses, but also financial, strategic, operational, and other risks. âž ¢ Benefits of Enterprise Risk Management In Finance †¢ Financial IncentivesRead MoreEnterprise Risk Management ( Erm )1531 Words   |  7 Pagesabout the Enterprise Risk Management (ERM). How much risk can be taken so that gain can be increase as risk is directly associated with gain Answer 1: Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) has great potential to provide organizations with new competitive advantages. Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) is designed and disciplined approach to deal with strategy, processes, people, technology and knowledge by the motive of evaluation of management of uncertainties which are faced by the enterprises and generatesRead MoreEnterprise Risk Management ( Erm )1726 Words   |  7 PagesEnterprise Risk Management (ERM) is the ability to identify, manage and/or mitigate risks that can affect the overall business operations down to the day to day operations of an organization (Hampton, J., 2009). The overall Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) entails the utilization of a holistic model to identify risks that face an organization. ERM is not successful when it is managed in silos. Doing so could lead to the organization not having a clear understanding of risks and a misunderstandingRead MoreThe Objectives Of The Zimbabwe Agenda For Sustainable Socio E conomic Transformation Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagesthe importance or role played by Enterprise Risk Management in achieving the current goals or objectives of ZimAsset [30] Enterprise risk management (ERM) has been defined by the COSO (2004) as a process, effected by an entity’s board of directors, management and other personnel, applied in strategy setting and across the enterprise, designed to identify potential events that may affect the entity, and manage risk to be within its risk appetite, to provide reasonableRead MoreRisk Management Is A Essential Component Of Any Business1046 Words   |  5 PagesRisk Management is a vital component of any business, especially health care. Risk management can be generally defined as recognizing, preventing, and monitoring situations that could result in injury or liability, monetary loss, or noncompliance of regulations (Chubb Health Care, 2004, 9). In a basic risk management system, risks are identified in separate risk area. Each risk area is handled by a different department. It addresses the risks to an organization at the department level. In theRead MoreRelationship Between Corporate Governan ce And Risk Management Of High Technology Firms1595 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationship between corporate governance and risk management of high technology firms, with publicly listed Australian biotechnology organizations as for example. It displays a governance structure that better deals with the various complex risks such organizations face. INTRODUCTION The current global financial crisis has seen the breakdown of various organizations universally, showing that no industry or ward is invulnerable from insufficient or wrong risk management. In the light of the current globalRead MoreQuestions On Implementing An Effective Erm Program1492 Words   |  6 Pages Assignment 1: ERM Roadmap Wayne Thomas Dr. Patricia White IT Audit and Control October 15, 2016 Abstract This paper represents the IT Audit and Control course and will address the following four issues. ïÆ'Ëœ We will elaborate the COSO Risk Management Framework and COSO’s ERM process. ïÆ'Ëœ We will propose to management the method that they need to take to implement an effective ERM program. This will comprise the concerns and the organizational impact they might meet if they do not implement anRead MoreEnterprise Risk Management1609 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract This paper discusses how a company can successfully implement the Enterprise Risk Management based on COSO guidelines. This paper discusses a step by step process of the implementation plan at Dell Inc, the responsibilities of the workforce and management, the risk mitigation approach and how to monitor the activities successfully. Enterprise Risk Management In the wake of all the financial scandals, a variety of laws and regulations have been passed which makes the board of directorsRead MoreRisk Management 7 Step Process1280 Words   |  6 PagesEnterprise Risk Management is defined as â€Å"the process of identifying and analyzing risk from an integrated, company-wide perspective. It is a structured and disciplined approach in aligning strategy, processes, people, technology and knowledge with a purpose of evaluating and managing the uncertainties the enterprise faces as it creates value† (Woon, Azizan, Samad,  2011, p.  23). Had Non-Linear Pro utilized Enterprise Risk Management, the company would have been able to reduce their liability

Cna Research Free Essays

Pulling the Plug Medical Nursing Aide Jane Roberts Instructor Mary Mooney October 4, 2012 What does life support hold for a person who is living by technology of a support for a machine? The person who is ill does not have a chance of waking up and able to live a normal life. Sometimes people see life support as a lifesaver which in many cases, it can be. In this case if it was me, and I had to make a choice to take them off life support it would be a hard descsion if you know that there is a possible chance they will never come to or be in a veggie state. We will write a custom essay sample on Cna Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now Life support t is a combination of machines and therapies that work together to sustain human life (www. livestrong. com). I know that life support in some case allow a person who has been ill or in accident to get up and carry on with their lives in this case Betty Jean, had punctured her heart and stop breathing twice and had no brain activity, the doctor assured Tony, there was nothing else they could done . In life we have descsion to bring life in this world not to take life. I can agree with parents as well as the husband the parents love their daughter and know parent wants to lose a child but the husband wants his wife taken off life support Betty Jean, also had a living will that stated o ventilator. I think that Tony loved his wife so much and he followed her wishes Betty Jean, had been a nurse so she knew extent of what life support she also was active in hospice so she knew the extent of life support. Tony had to made a tough decision; I think he should of waited like the parents’ wished just a little longer there are several kinds of life support decisions rather it is ventilators or Nutrition and Hydration or (DNR) order which â€Å"Do Not Resuscitate. These are hard decisions for anyone and it best not to make this type decisions on your own. Betty Jeans, living will over power the parent’s rights but morally I would have waited just because of my own beliefs it hard to let a love one go but in this case the husband had to make the last decisions. REFERENCE PAGE Use caution in ending life support for brain-injured, experts say. (2011, U. S. News World Report, , 1. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com; http://www. livestrong. com(2009) How to cite Cna Research, Essays

Synchronous and Asynchronous Communications-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Synchronous communication and Asynchronous communication. Answer: Introduction Communication is a crucial aspect of any organization. Effective communication processes in a business enable transparent flow of information and efficiency in business processes. In the given case, our office is based out of Sydney and is currently planning to commence operations across New York, Beijing and Mumbai. Therefore communication between these teams would involve virtual tools. A virtual team often causes discomfort and extra scheduling but for teams which are not in the same city, a virtual team is the only solution. Expansion is an imperative part of the growth of any business. This expansion if geographical requires employees to coordinate and devise strategies to communicate effectively. Such a communication is better known as asynchronous communication. Every organization is party to synchronous as well as asynchronous communications. Both of which are described below. Synchronous communication As the name suggests synchronous communication refers to communication between people who are in sync. They happen to converse in real time and hence create an effective flow of information (Gossweiler Gargi, 2014). Synchronous communication happens as per a fixed external clock and all the parties respond to the communication based on the same. The advantages and disadvantages of synchronous communication are as below: Advantages Transparent flow of information: synchronous makes the information very transparent as the information can be sent and received at the same time and a two way communication can be established at the same time (Austin Pinkleton, 2015). Less chances of miscommunication: Synchronous communication has less chances of miscommunication or misunderstanding as in case of a discrepancy it can be immediately addressed by both the parties at the same time Faster decision making: Since the sender and receiver are both available at the same time, the decision making happens at a faster pace which is beneficial for the overall performance of the organization. Less turnaround time: Once the sender has sent the message, the receiver responds to it almost instantly. This leads to lesser turnaround time and quicker conclusions. Disadvantages Difficulty in collaboration: It is often difficult to get all the participants of the communication process to contact at the same time. This creates a difficulty in collaborating all the members and getting them available at the same time. Technical glitches: Except in case of a face to face communication, technical glitches may arise that would hamper the flow of communication. This is even more prevalent in case of instant messengers, video calling tools and telephonic conversations (Garvey, 2014). Asynchronous communication Asynchronous communication refers to communication that happens at the participants own time without a referred external clock. It involves the exchange of messages by reading and responding as the schedule permits rather than according to the same clock that is synchronized for the sender as well as the receiver. The advantages and disadvantages of asynchronous communication are as below: Advantages Improved documentations: Asynchronous communication happen frequently over emails and other such tools. This is why it becomes easier to document asynchronous communications. Documentation of communication helps in ensuring that there is no miscommunication and can be referred to in case of conflicts (Bawm Nath, 2014). Better informed decisions: Since the responder of the message gets sufficient amount of time to reply, he or she can make better and more informed decisions. Higher number of people can be looped: in case of a video call, a maximum of 6 people can be added to the loop. However, in case of asynchronous communication any number of people can be looped. Even if someone joins the conversation late, he or she can be given a feedback of the entire conversation as everything remains documented. Disadvantages Slower decision making: The decision making process takes a longer amount of time in asynchronous communication as the recipient of the message may not be available to respond immediately. This may lead to slower decision making and may indirectly affect organizations productivity. Higher chances of miscommunication: asynchronous communication often happens among people belonging to different cultures and time zones. Therefore the possibility of a miscommunication is much higher. Delayed response: As people respond as per their earliest convenient time in asynchronous communication, the response might be delayed (Baker Warren, 2015). It is advisable that people commence an asynchronous communication by keeping a buffer of time. References Austin, E.W. and Pinkleton, B.E., 2015.Strategic public relations management: Planning and managing effective communication campaigns(Vol. 10). Routledge. Baker, T. and Warren, A., 2015. The Nine Common Barriers to Communication. InConversations at Work(pp. 54-74). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Bawm, Z.L. and Nath, R.P.D., 2014, December. A Conceptual Model for effective email marketing. InComputer and Information Technology (ICCIT), 2014 17th International Conference on(pp. 250-256). IEEE. Garvey, W.D., 2014.Communication: the essence of science: facilitating information exchange among librarians, scientists, engineers and students. Elsevier. Gossweiler, R. and Gargi, U., Google Inc., 2014.Managing nodes of a synchronous communication conference. U.S. Patent 8,749,610.

Supply Chain and Logistics in Kulicke Soffa Industries, Inc

KS is a company that was involved in the production and supply of semiconductor device assemblers, although the company’s main market space was wire bonding. Semiconductors business became increasingly competitive from the year 2000 when the manufacturing industry shifted to Asian and Pacific nations. This increased the level of competition among European companies since the company had access to cheap raw materials.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Chain and Logistics in Kulicke Soffa Industries, Inc specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company could also afford to produce semiconductors at a low cost and sell them relatively cheaper. This prompted KS to make changes in its supply chain in order to utilize the market opportunities in Asia. The increase in competition also prompted the company to make changes in its supply chain to maintain its competitive advantage (Handfield, 2008). The need to in crease production effectiveness considering that production was a complex process could also be another factor that forced the company to change its supply chain. The decision to redesign the supply chain is one that should be taken with a lot of caution. It is important to consider all factors that might affect the supply chain before redesigning it (Baumgartner, 2009; Gattorna, 2008). Some of the factors that should be considered when redesigning the supply chain include cost, service level uncertainty, and risk factor (Chandra Grabis, 2007). The aim of redesigning the supply chain is to minimize costs as much as possible. In addition, the company should ensure that it adopts a supply chain that is free of risk or with the least risk level. The company should also consider the number of plants and manufacturing installations that it should own. The current plant in Israel is said to have a very long history of over 30 years. However, tax burden is an issue that has been a challen ge to the business. On the other hand, infrastructure and RD are available in Israel at a cheap cost. The current emerging market in Asian countries has led to the company thinking of shifting its Israel operations. Instead of expanding the plant in Israel, the company should open others chains in Asia since there is advanced technology in Asia and RD is active in Asia. In addition, production cost in Asia will be cheaper. There are also intellectual property laws governing innovations in Asia. Having a plant and a lab in the same location would increase efficiency and reduce operation costs.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Advantages and disadvantages of opening in a new location: Opening business in a new location will be advantageous for the company since it will reduce operational costs in the long run. It will also increase efficiency of production and supply chain, the reby increasing the company’s competitive advantage. However, there are also disadvantages that are associated with the change. Initial costs for opening the new plant are too high. In addition, it will take a lot of time to make sure that the plant is running efficiently. The company will also face a number of risks by shifting to a new location, a factor that might lead to losses. Recommendation: I would recommend that KS open operations in other countries where the operation costs are low and where the market is large, instead of expanding in Israel. This will increase profitability opportunities since the operation costs will be lowered. Implementation challenges: The implementation challenges would include KS establishing itself in a new location and winning the loyalty of customers. How to address the challenges: I would recommend that the company forms ventures and associations with other companies that are already established in the new locations. Reference List Baumg artner, K 2009, Optimization approaches for the design of realistic supply chains: Examples from the chemical industry, KölnerWiss-Verl, Köln Chandra, C Grabis, J 2007, Supply chain configuration: Concepts, solutions and applications, Springer, New York, NYAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Chain and Logistics in Kulicke Soffa Industries, Inc specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gattorna, J 2008, Strategic supply chain alignment: Best practice in supply chain management, Gower, Aldershot Handfield, R 2002, Redesigning your supply chain: Strategies for success, Prentice Hall, NY This essay on Supply Chain and Logistics in Kulicke Soffa Industries, Inc was written and submitted by user Darth Maul to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Lean Management Transforming Industry

Lean Management: Transforming Industry Introduction: Management theories and techniques have been developed and debated for over a century. Typical management techniques revolve around mass production and management of people rather than the management of the process. The Japanese have long been recognized as world leaders in manufacturing. The have successfully developed new and innovative management practices throughout their organizations to improve their competitive position. Today the Japanese are leading the quest for continuous improvement by applying Lean Management principles, the latest continuous improvement method in the business world. These principles have been applied successfully to a variety of disciplines with impressive results. The goals and objectives of lean are to provide the necessary tools to eliminate â€Å"muda†, the Japanese word for waste, and improve profits in any industry. Applying lean principles to wasteful conditions will lead to compelling results. According to Womack and Jones, â€Å"inventories can be reduced by 90%, productivity improved 30%, space utilization improved 50%, and quality improved 85%...† in a typical transition to lean management (Womak, 210). The Japanese have been highly successful at transforming industries to lean. Leadership with openness to change has been a cornerstone to their success. Additionally, their ability to adhere to the basic principles of lean is steadfast. All firms in all industries must take advantage of lean principles and the way in which the Japanese successfully implement those principles. Lens Crafters assemble prescription glasses in one hour, Dell computers deliver custom built computers in less than a week, fast food chains like McDonalds and Burger King offer hot food made to order in minutes, an Austin company builds custom homes in 30 days, and overnight deliveries by Federal Express are all examples of companies that have taken... Free Essays on Lean Management Transforming Industry Free Essays on Lean Management Transforming Industry Lean Management: Transforming Industry Introduction: Management theories and techniques have been developed and debated for over a century. Typical management techniques revolve around mass production and management of people rather than the management of the process. The Japanese have long been recognized as world leaders in manufacturing. The have successfully developed new and innovative management practices throughout their organizations to improve their competitive position. Today the Japanese are leading the quest for continuous improvement by applying Lean Management principles, the latest continuous improvement method in the business world. These principles have been applied successfully to a variety of disciplines with impressive results. The goals and objectives of lean are to provide the necessary tools to eliminate â€Å"muda†, the Japanese word for waste, and improve profits in any industry. Applying lean principles to wasteful conditions will lead to compelling results. According to Womack and Jones, â€Å"inventories can be reduced by 90%, productivity improved 30%, space utilization improved 50%, and quality improved 85%...† in a typical transition to lean management (Womak, 210). The Japanese have been highly successful at transforming industries to lean. Leadership with openness to change has been a cornerstone to their success. Additionally, their ability to adhere to the basic principles of lean is steadfast. All firms in all industries must take advantage of lean principles and the way in which the Japanese successfully implement those principles. Lens Crafters assemble prescription glasses in one hour, Dell computers deliver custom built computers in less than a week, fast food chains like McDonalds and Burger King offer hot food made to order in minutes, an Austin company builds custom homes in 30 days, and overnight deliveries by Federal Express are all examples of companies that have taken...

Project development and implementation for strategic managers Essay

Project development and implementation for strategic managers - Essay Example I am grateful to my parents, who have always assisted me in every step. This study only became possible for their blessings and confidence on me. Thank you all for believing in me and make myself belief that I can fulfill my dreams. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Chapter 01 – Introduction 4 Chapter 02 - Literature Review 4 Chapter 03 - Research Methods 7 Chapter 04 - Summary of the Response Details 8 Chapter 05 - Data Analysis 10 Chapter 06 – Conclusion 10 Reference List 12 Appendix 13 Chapter 01 – Introduction A project is referred to as an endeavor that is designed for achieving a unique product or result within a given time frame. The aim of a project is to bring beneficial changes to the end user or make value additions (Anderson, Grude and Haug, 2009). However, the temporary character of project differentiates itself with the usual business operation. As a result of that, the management of these two factors is completely different and requires a diffe rent approach. Project management is dubbed as the discipline that encompasses planning, organizing, motivating as well as controlling the resources of the firm to achieve particular goals (Faiz and Edirisinghe, 2009). A number of scholars have emphasized on the fact that a good project manager should encompass both management skills as well as technical knowledge. The primary goal of a project management and organization is the achievement of the project goals. However, the key constraints in this factor are time, scope, quality and budget. In addition, optimum utilization of the resources and integrating these resources to meet the predefined objectives is another challenge (Eastman, Teicholz, Saks and Liston, 2008). In this assignment, the aim is to develop a new software package and ensure its timely delivery to the client. The software to be manufactured is CRM (Customer Relationship Management) software, for the client company XXX3 Ltd. The company is aiming to implement CRM f or the purpose of managing the relationship with customers. XXX3 Limited is an apparel retailing company and therefore the company is obvious to have a diversified customer base. The software will be designed in such a manner that it fulfills all the objectives of the company. It is expected that once the company implements CRM into their system of operation, the company will be able to maintain a good relationship with its customers. Moreover, in this turbulent business environment, management of relationship with the customers is a key issue and therefore implementation of technology or a system that promotes management of relationship with the customers is a necessary activity (Edum-Fotwe, Egbu and Gibb, 2003). Chapter 02 - Literature Review Project Management Theory Project management is a vast area and requires knowledge of domain, technology as well as administration. Moreover, for better project management a company requires specialized skills. Larson and Gray (2006) states t hat maintaining a positive attitude, remaining clear about the project structure and managing proper communication will greatly help a company to achieve success. Project management encompasses 5 stages that are namely initiation, planning and design, execution, monitoring and controlling and closing. (Source: Alterspark, 2013) Stage 1: - Understanding / Initiation – In the first stage, research about the area of concern is carried out and this can

Dyslexia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Dyslexia - Essay Example orld Federation of Neurology’: â€Å"Specific developmental dyslexia is a disorder manifested by difficulty learning to read despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence, and adequate socio-cultural opportunity. It is dependent upon fundamental cognitive disabilities that are frequently of constitutional origin.† (Ariniello, 1999). Through this proposal it is hoped to analyze the learning disabilities of children such as reading, writing and spelling errors such as, mirror writing, back forward writing and so on. It is hoped to identify the link between these abilities (Alexander, & Slinger-Constant, 2004). That is how specific learning disabilities have an impact on other factors such as social factors, psychological factors or environmental factors and so on. Reading and learning are the two factors that decide the success of a child during his school career. Initially he learns to read. After that he reads to learn (Griffiths, & Snowling, 2002). As such reading is of paramount importance in the educational process. Unfortunately poor reading skills, and as a result poor learning skills, have become a stark reality for a disturbing number of children. The Institute for Global Education and Service Learning states that 40% of American children have difficulty reading or learning to read, and as many as three- quarters of pupils who are poor readers in third grade will remain poor readers in high school. The word "dyslexia" is frequently used to refer to the child who has an average or above average IQ and is reading 1 1/2 grades or more below grade level and whose reading problem is accompanied by the signs such as: Reversals of letters (Carrol, & Iles, 2006). That is children with dyslexia frequently confuse letters like b and d, either when reading or when writing, or they sometimes read (or write) words like "rat" for "tar," or "won" for "now." The primacy and immediacy of a priori and a posteriori implications of dyslexia among school children

Staphylococcus Aureus: Structure and Function

Staphylococcus Aureus: Structure and Function Staphylococcus was first discovered in 1880 by Alexander Ogston. Currently, more than 30 different species of the genus has been identified. The name Staphylococcus was derived from Greek, with the prefix Staphylo referring to bunches of grapes and the suffix coccus referring to granule (16). As the meanings suggest, bacteria from Staphylococcus are circular-shaped and their arrangement resembles bunches of grapes when observed under a microscope. Typically, a Staphylococcus has a diameter of approximately 1ÃŽÂ ¼m (21). The bacterial genus, Staphylococcus, will be isolated and identified in this project. This genus has been chosen to review because of its abundance on the skin of mammals and the pathogenic nature of one of its member, Staphylococcus aureus. Apart from skin infections, Staphylococcus aureus could mutate to form Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which shows resistance to antibiotics. In both cases, these give rise to medical implications. In addition, the distinctive features of Staphylococcus aureus have increased the ease to isolate and identify it from other species in the genus via culturing and biochemical tests. The aim of the project is to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from a bundle of cat hairs and verify its identity via microscopic examination and biochemical tests. No human specimen is used due to the potential pathogenic property of the bacterium. It is intended that a pure culture of pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus is obtained. For the purposes of this project, the importance of Staphylococcus aureus to humans, its classification in terms of morphology and physiological properties, methods of isolation with the use of growth media and the technique of streak plating and identification by biochemical tests would be the four objectives to be addressed. Objective 1: Importance of Staphylococcus aureus to humans The importance of Staphylococcus aureus to humans would be outlined by a review of its cell structure, cell physiology and environmental niches, followed by the medical implications of Staphylococcus as a result of these properties. Cell structure As a member of the Bacteria domain, it is expected that Staphylococcus has bacterial cell structure. In other words, it lacks nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The structural elements in a cell of Staphylococcus should include a cell membrane, cell wall, ribosome and nucleoid (6). Moreover, being one of the five genera from the family of Staphylococcaceae, Staphylococcus possesses specific cellular properties that are unique to this family. In particular, it is a cocci and gram-positive bacterium and this indicates that its cell wall is essentially composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan (21). In addition to the above structures, Staphylococcus aureus possesses some special cellular structures that distinguish it from other species in the genus. This includes the possession of surface proteins that help attachment to proteins such as the fibronectin and fibrinogen-binding proteins involved in blood clotting (3). This cellular property may explain the pathogenic nature of Staphylococcus aureus, as infections might be caused by invasion via wounds. On the other hand, it is worthwhile to note that Staphylococcus does not have flagella and spores (16). That is to say, Staphylococcus aureus is non-motile. Cell physiology The cell physiology of Staphylococcus covers temperature, pH and oxygen requirements. Most Staphylococcus can grow at 45Â °C, but it is reasonable to predict that its optimal temperature for metabolism would be close to the body temperature of humans, which is 37Â °C (5). Concerning the optimum pH for metabolism, the enzymes in Staphylococcus work best in slightly alkaline medium, with a pH range of 7.4 to 7.6 (16). As for oxygen requirement, Staphylococcus is facultative anaerobic (21). This implies that Staphylococcus can grow regardless of the presence of oxygen, but the presence of oxygen would be more favorable. In the presence of oxygen, Staphylococcus utilizes glucose to carry out cellular respiration to generate energy for metabolism. Oxygen performs the role of a terminal electron acceptor and it is completely reduced to water (8). When oxygen is lacking or absent, Staphylococcus may undergo fermentation and lactic acid is the usual product (21). In the process, glucose is converted into substrate pyruvate, followed by its binding to the cofactor Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) to produce lactic acid (6). Moving on the ways Staphylococcus metabolize, as light is not readily available on skin surface and mucous membranes, it is proposed that Staphylococcus obtain energy via organic chemical compounds. Hence it is regarded as a chemotroph (21). The facultative anaerobic property of Staphylococcus may lead to a deduction that it utilizes organic carbon as the source of electron when oxygen is present. Though some Staphylococcus may use reduced forms of inorganic nitrates to generate electrons, its preference towards an aerobic atmosphere should define it as an organotroph (21). When comes to carbon source, Staphylococcus is a heterotrophy (12). That is to say, it attains its carbon source by utilization of organic substances such as sucrose for synthesis of metabolites (19). To summarize, Staphylococcus should be one of the members of the microbial group, Chemo-organotrophic heterotrophs. Environmental niches The environmental niches of Staphylococcus can be addressed by its interactions with the environment as to where it is found, the type of relationship it forms with other organisms and its capability of undergoing mutation. Staphylococcus is commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of animals with stable body temperatures, including humans (15). Typically, the skin temperature of humans is approximately 32Â °C, which is reasonably close to the optimal temperature of 37oC (22). This enhances the growth of this microbe on skin. Moreover, the salty environment along skin surface due to the production of sweat may also account for the abundance of Staphylococcus in humans, since its enzymatic activity is optimal at more alkaline pH (17). Staphylococcus aureus specifically colonizes in nasal cavity, larynx and on the skin surface of humans (2). The colonization of Staphylococcus aureus is principally achieved by fibrinogen-binding proteins adhering to the epithelial cells of the humans and thus this may outline a host-parasitic relationship between Staphylococcus and humans (10). The interactions of Staphylococcus with the environment may also be underlined by mutation, which often occurs with Staphylococcus aureus. An example would be Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant particularly to the antibiotic, Methicillin (21). The mutation is caused by an alteration of the methicillin-resistance gene (mec A) coding for a penicillin-binding protein (4). This results in failure of antibiotics to cure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, which will be addressed in the medical implication section. Medical implications of Staphylococcus The features as in the cell structure, cell physiology and environmental niches of Staphylococcus can pose a great diversity of medical implications, which presents the importance of this bacterial genus. Statistics show that Staphylococcus aureus is present in 79% of healthy people (14). Though Staphylococcus may colonize on the skin surface of the host without causing any harms, its ubiquity can still present various medical issues. The MRSA mentioned previously would be one of the problems associated with Staphylococcus. Apart from methicillin, MRSA could show resistance against many other antibiotics such as penicillin and amoxicillin (1). The ineffectiveness of existing antibiotics to cure MRSA infections has resulted in fatality, and it is usually characterized by the incidence of septic shock and pneumonia (11). A rapid increase of MRSA infections has been observed over the decades. The rate of hospitalized MRSA infections was only 2% in 1974 but this figure increases dramatically to approximately 40% in 1997 (13). Consequently, this causes deaths of 19000 in the United States of America annually (11). As Staphylococcus colonies on skin surfaces and mucous membrane, skin infections and diseases associated with mucous membranes could be another medical implication. It is known that Staphylococcus aureus may cause Scalded Skin and Toxic Shock syndromes. Moreover, it may cause urinary tract infections and food poisoning (9). Objective 2: Classification of Staphylococcus The classification of Staphylococcus can be reviewed in terms of its morphology and some of the physiological properties stated above. Morphology The morphology of Staphylococcus can be described as cocci gram positive bacteria arranged in a cluster, which can be readily observed under microscope with the application of gram stain. A purple color would be observed. The reason for its cluster formation may be explained by its capability of undergoing binary fission in multiple planes with daughter cells remains proximal to each other (16). Physiological properties In terms of thermal requirement, Staphylococcus is classified as a mesophile. Regarding pH requirements, it falls into the category of neutrophile. Moreover, being a facultative anaerobe, Staphylococcus is catalase positive and it is generally considered a chemoorganotrophic heterotroph. In addition, Staphylococcus aureus is coagulase positive but not for other species in the genus. The absence of flagella indicates that Staphylococcus is a non-motile bacterium. Objective 3: Methods of Isolation of Staphylococcus The methods of isolation of Staphylococcus would include growing in medium followed by streak plating. Growth media To ensure optimum growth of Staphylococcus colonies, the sample of cat hairs should be enriched in nutrient broth with sodium chloride (NaCl) before plating on a nutrient agar. A nutrient broth normally consists of beef extract and peptone as fuels for growth (21). The temperature of incubation should be 37Â °C and the duration of incubation should be at least a day (20). This ensures that the Staphylococcus isolated can have sufficient time to grow at its optimum temperature. The addition of salt allows for a selective medium for Staphylococcus as it predominantly grows in salty environment. It also increases the pH of the medium to provide for a more alkaline environment to facilitate growth. Alternatively, a growth medium can be done via a Mannitol salt agar (MSA), which consists of 7.5% of NaCl and phenol red as a pH indicator. The medium is then incubated at 37Â °C for two days (14). MSA essentially acts as both a selective and differential medium. NaCl selects for saline-favored Staphylococcus and the pH indicator differentiates between Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Differentiation can be illustrated by the fact that Staphylococcus aureus utilizes mannitol in the agar for metabolism, and the generation of acidic product is indicated by a yellow color. However, this phenomenon does not apply to Staphylococcus epidermidis (21). Streak Plating Following enrichment, Staphylococcus in the medium can be transferred to an agar plate with nutrient broth and salt, by employment of aseptic techniques. At the same time, a transfer to an agar plate with only nutrient broth should be performed as a control set-up. This is to ensure the effectiveness of the selective media because other bacteria could grow on the agar plate if the medium was not set up properly. Afterwards, the plates would be incubated for a week at 37oC for at least a day as in the incubation of sample in the nutrient broth. Plating and incubation should be repeated a few times to make sure that the colonies grown are pure. Objective 4: Identification by biochemical tests The identity of Staphylococcus cannot be confirmed by carrying out the gram reaction alone due to the fact that a great variety of bacteria from other genus may also show gram positive reaction. Therefore, some biochemical tests have to be performed to verify that the bacteria isolated is in the genus of Staphylococcus and it is of the species Staphylococcus aureus. The catalase, Hugh and Leifsons oxidation fermentation and cogulase tests are regarded as the standard tests for identification of Staphylococcus aureus (18). The mechanism of the tests is outlined below. First of all, as Staphylococcus aureus is facultative anaerobic, it is expected that it contains enzymes to break down harmful products generated along the pathways of aerobic respiration. For instances, catalase breaks down superoxide radical hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to oxygen and water, which are less harmful (8). Therefore colorless gas bubbles can be observed when H2O2 is added to a colony of Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, this property allows the Hugh and Leifsons oxidation fermentation test to be performed. The bacterial sample is inoculated in a tube of Hugh Leifsons medium for five days to generate an anaerobic environment (18). As Staphylococcus can undergo fermentation in the absence of oxygen, growth can be observed throughout the tube. At the same time, it is necessary to implement positive and negative controls in order to confirm results. This can be achieved by inoculating bacteria that are known to be fermentative and oxidative respectively in the Hugh Leifsons medium along with the sample of Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, the identification test between Staphylococcus aureus and other bacteria in the genus would be based on its reaction with coagulase. Staphylococcus aureus readily coagulates plasma but not for others species in the genus (21). To ensure accuracy of the test, it is preferable to test on colonies extracted from culture plates that are known to contain coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococcus epididymis respectively. The former acts as a positive control, while the latter acts as a negative control. Conclusion In conclusion, Staphylococcus is a bacterial genus that can pose various medical implications and it can be grown, isolated and identified based on its, environmental niches, morphology, physiological and structural characteristics. The aims of isolating Staphylococcus aureus as a pure culture and identifying by morphology and biochemical tests can be addressed by a review of the four objectives as summarized below. Firstly, it is often found on epidermis of animal skins including humans and its ability to metabolize optimally at 37Â °C and at pH of 7.4-7.6 or salty environment makes it a potential pathogen to humans. In particular, the species Staphylococcus aureus can cause a great diversity of diseases and the mutated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus could be fatal owing to its resistance to most antibiotics. Secondly, it can be classified in terms of morphology and some of the physiological characteristics. Its morphology is gram positive and non-motile cocci bacteria growing in clusters. It is a mesophile, nuetrophile and facultative anaerobe. It is catalase positive and only Staphylococcus aureus is coagulase positive. The energy, electron and carbon sources of Staphylococcus aureus can be described as chemo-organotrophic heterotrophic. Thirdly, regarding growth medium, the sample of cat hair should be enriched in a medium of sodium chloride before incubating on an agar plate of nutrient broth and salt. In both cases, incubation should be at 37oC for a day. The colonies should be streaked plated a few times to remove contaminants so as to ensure culture is pure. This increases the efficiency of isolation of Staphylococcus aureus. Lastly, Staphylococcus aureus can be identified by the catalase, Hugh Leifsons oxidation fermentation and coagulase tests. It is expected that bubbling is observed as a positive result in the catalase test. As for the Hugh Leifsons oxidation fermentation test, growth can be observed throughout the tube. In the coagulase test, clumping of plasma is seen as a positive result and this differentiates Staphylococcus aureus from other species in the genus. These tests establish the identity of Staphylococcus aureus.

“A Rose for Emily” by William Faulkner Essay

The tone in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner expresses a sense of curiosity and fear. The curiosity of the woman’s life and the fear of the unknown is also established with the author’s diction. The two tones even roll over to the point of view of the story (or point of views for this particular story). â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is based solely on the curiosity and fear that lingers in the community in which Old Miss Emily lives. The tone and attitude of Faulkner’s short piece illustrates the desire to know but the fear of what could be found. The citizens of Jefferson want to know the happenings of the reclusive MissEmily Grierson simply because she does not roam and gossip as they do since the absence of her husband. Although they have the need to pry into her private life, they are scared to face her directly simply because few people have even tried. The theme of curiosity is cognizant with these actions and the tone with which they are portrayed. The theme is also carried throughout the story with the diction that William Faulkner chooses to use. He carefully crafts his work to present a want to expose the hidden life of the old woman. He gives her an awful appearance, a rude personality, and an unreasonable dissent to loneliness. His diction also proves the prying habits of others. Observers of Miss Emily always assume about her condition of life. The observers themselves represent the story in which the way it was depicted. Curiosity and also a little bit of innocence is used very significantly with the point of view of a citizen that characterize the point of view of the entire community of Jefferson. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is told by one person, but the ‘we’ used throughout the plot signifies the communal viewpoint that is shared. The eyes through which the story emerges is nothing more than the perspective of a spectator retelling the stories passed down about Miss Emily. The design of the story is based solely on the wonders of people and their curiosity of others. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner Essay â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a tragic story about a woman named Emily Grierson who, for all her life has been controlled by her father. Once her father dies, Emily does not know, nor understand how to live her own life. At first she denies that her father dies; then after three days, with much pressuring from the locals and the doctors, she admits her father’s death and lets the townspeople bury him. Much of the town is wondering what to expect to happen to Emily. Emily becomes a recluse and sends her manservant, Tobe, who has served the family for generations, out to the market to do the shopping for her. One day, she met a Yankee day laborer named Homer Barron. Homer and Emily began seeing each other and eventually seemed to get serious about their relationship. Emily began to fall in love with Homer, but Homer did not have the same feelings for her. One day, Homer disappeared and was never seen nor heard from again. Many years passed and Emily died. Her cousins were curious and went to her home to see where she had lived her life. Upon their arrival, they find a corpse lying on a bed in a mysterious locked room upstairs. On the bed, next to the corpse there was a â€Å"long strand of iron-gray hair† (36). In â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† William Faulkner tells a story about a young woman who is overly-influenced and controlled by her father. Her father has made all the decisions for her and he chose whom she could and could not be courted by. After her father died, it took Emily three days to finally allow the townspeople to give her father a proper burial, because of her denial that her father had indeed, died. Emily had relied so heavily on her father for all of her life; she did not know what to do, or how to live. After her father’s death, Emily stays in her house where she felt safe, and does not go out into the outside world, regardless of what had happened and changed. As everything changed in the outside world, Emily still lived with the past. For example, when the new city authorities approach Miss. Emily about her taxes, she explains â€Å"See Col. Sartoris. I have no taxes in Jefferson† (31) – even though Col. Sartoris had been dead for ten years. Emily Grierson is described by Faulkner as a short, fat, and mysterious woman who does not accept change. A good example of Emily Grierson refusing any sort of change is when the town wanted to attach numbers on her house and a mailbox for mail service; Emily Grierson refused to conform to the new ideals. When  Emily met a man named Homer Barron, the townspeople are surprised to see this; â€Å"Of course a Grierson would not think seriously of a Northerner, a day laborer† (33). Miss Emily represents someone who lives in the South and could not accept the real thing that the North takes over the South after the Civil War. â€Å"When the Negro opened the blinds of one window, they could see that the leather was cracked; and when they sat down, a faint dust rose sluggishly about their things, spinning with slow motes in the single sun ray†(30) is an example of old things. Emily’s house with all the old things represents the Old south, which has to face a new moder n generation. The idea behind this story is about Emily’s inability to conform to the present and leave the past. Emily had been dominated by her father her whole life, because of this, when her father finally passed away, Emily cannot face the truth about her father’s death, or her loneliness. When Emily meets Homer Barron, she felt that she once again had balance and security in her life. She feared that Homer may also leave her one-day and she would be alone again. This is the reason that Emily poisons Homer Barron. It is not until the death of Emily Grierson that we find the truth about the death of Homer Barron and how deep Emily Grierson’s insecurity truly is. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a tragic story that tells the tale of a lonely and isolated woman. The tone, extremely morbid and dark, was set at the beginning. He began the story by telling us the ending. We already know that Emily Grierson has died. He then begins to draw a dynamic picture of how Emily had lived; â€Å"†¦only Miss Emily’s house was left, lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps-an eyesore among eyesores† (29). The tone that Faulkner starts off with the description of Emily Grierson’s residence is a very dramatic and powerful use of description. An outsider looking in to Emily Grierson’s livelihood narrates â€Å"A Rose for Emily† in the third person. This is a very effective way for Faulkner to write this story. By doing this, we are not led into the thoughts of Emily, but more importantly, we know how Emily Grierson is thought of by the locals. Faulkner utilized many symbols in this short story. He used the fact that Emily is stuck in the past, the time when her father was still alive, and the new alderman and townsfolk. These are symbols of the battle that Emily is experiencing between the old south  (past) and the new south (present). At the end of the story, it is shown what William Faulkner meant by a rose, in his title â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. The â€Å"rose† is all of her dust-covered treasures, especially those of her wedding that she wanted; â€Å"†¦this room decked and furnished as for a bridal:upon the valance curtains of faded rose color, upon the rose-shaded lights, upon the delicate array of crystal and the man’s toilet things backed with the tarnished silver, silver so tarnished that the monogram was obscured†(36). William Faulkner depicts a very morbid and darktheme. The theme itself fits entirely onto his character, Emily Grierson. I believe Faulkner did a very good job in not only writing this story with a strong theme, but he did it in such a way, in every aspect one could see the theme throughout his short story. I think the vivid drawings of how Emily once lived and who she became is extremely important in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. Works Cited Kennedy, X.J and Dana Giolia. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Boston: Pearson Custom Publishing, 2005. A Rose For Emily by William Faulkner Essay There are popular sayings that goes â€Å"love moves in mysterious ways† and â€Å"love makes people crazy. † The amalgam of those sayings would somehow serve as a rough description of William Faulkner’s story â€Å"A Rose for Emily. † Since its publication, the story still captures the imagination of many present-day readers—although, in a disturbing way. The title is deceptively, and ingeniously for that matter, designed to make the story seem as a love story. It is important to note that a rose is a generally accepted symbolism for love. However, the story begins with the death of the protagonist. Actually, there are many points in the story that would lead the readers to the conclusion that Faulkner’s story is far from a love story. This reading will be standing beside the argument that â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a love story that presents to the readers love in an unfamiliar form. Faulkner exquisitely described how Emily is madly in love with Homer. She even dreams of being married to him someday. Faulkner’s details resemble a layout of a typical love story. However, all of those beautiful renditions of Emily’s love are just diversions to the author’s twists. When Emily mentioned that she wants to be married to Homer, he replied that â€Å"he was not a marrying man† (366). The reader could almost picture Emily as a rose whose petals are torn by the sharp gust of wind of Homer’s subtle rejection. This particular event of her life had significantly contributed to her impending insanity. And because Emily loves Homer so much, Emily had devised a plan to keep him beside her. She had poisoned Homer, paralyzing him for a moment, and then for eternity. She then set Homer’s lifeless body in her bed, then slept with him—in every context of the word slept. Emily’s version of love could be described as unconventional. The story begins describing how the townspeople of Jefferson (Faulkner’s fictional city) treated her â€Å"†¦a sort of fallen monument† (Faulkner 5). Even though the townspeople treat Emily in a revered manner, it would be arguable that they have love for her. In the first part, Emily is already dead and her pitiful yet gruesome background would be unfolded as the plot progresses. A safer claim to make about the townspeople treatment to Emily is that they pity her at the same time disgusted by her life, or more particularly, her love life. The shocking ending, considered a classic, reveals to the readers that Emily had murdered the one she truly loves, Homer Barron. It is just understandable that the townspeople of Jefferson and the readers (of the real world) would raise the question: could this be considered love? If we would set aside the conventional notions of love (like couples promising to each other eternity, sincerely caring for one another, a mutual understanding, etc. ), Emily’s version of love would certainly be dismissed. However, we could still interpret Emily’s actions as out of love, but to put it more succinctly, it should be categorized as unrequited love. It should not be disputed anymore that anyone is capable love, even those with hints of insanity. Moreover, it is a general notion that a person who loves someone needs some kind of returned love. And if love is unrequited, the most likely effect on the unrequited lover would be a seemingly incurable misery. Emily’s murder of Homer is oftentimes interpreted as an act of desperation. On the other hand, it could also regarded as an reaction to the subliminal messages of her love and passion for Homer. As we know of love, through literature and real life, it could paint in our minds illusions of being easily loved back. Emily may have been genuinely convinced that she would someday marry Homer and that they would spend eternity in each other’s arms. The living Homer had rejected her proposal, she may have immediately though that the dead Homer may compromise. Moreover, she had set the dead body in a bed, a symbolism for marriage. In addition, it is implied that she had slept with the dead body of Homer. It is important to consider that the context of the story is a time period where the people are mostly conservatives, especially the aristocrats like Emily’s family. It could be interpreted that she did not slept with the body out of mere lust, it could be something close to being love itself. Emily’s life could be considered lacking love. The title, â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, suggests that she desperately needs to be loved. She loved her aristocratic lifestyle and her father who provides it for her. But when her father had passed away, she may have felt that all she loved had gone to grave with her father, â€Å"†¦being left alone and a pauper, she had become humanized† (366). Considering her mental state, she had found love in Homer, he does not want to be with her, it is just understandable that she would do anything to be with the one she loves. After all, the topic at hand is love, a term and a concept with no satisfying definition. Even science admits that love is more than just chemical reactions. If we would delve further in this attempt to understand love, we might just end up mad like Emily. Works Cited Faulkner, William. A Rose for Emily. An Introduction to Literature. Ed. Joseph Terry. New York: Longman, 2001 â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner Essay â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a short story by American author William Faulkner. It tells about an old woman named Emily Grierson lives in the town of Jefferson. The tale sets in the early nineteen hundreds, it opens with the town finding out about Emily’s death. Through the whole story, people learn of the life and times of Emily, her relationship with the town, her father and her lover. People find out the truth that Emily was hiding at the end of the story. There are many different symbolisms in the story Among all of the symbolisms , the monument, the frame, the grey hair, the house and a rose are the most important and thoughtful ones throughout the entire story. The monument appears in the beginning of the story as the first symbolism. â€Å"When Miss Emily Grierson died, our whole town went to her funeral: the men through a sort of respectful affection for a fallen monument†(A Rose For Emily). Faulkner calls Emily a â€Å"fallen monument†, it also could understand as an â€Å"idol in a niche†. It shows that how the town views her and to connect her to the idea of the old, genteel Southern ways. The modern townspeople don’t know what to do with her, and she is so closed off to them, but they respect her enough to just leave her alone. Like Faulkner states, she was like a statue — only representing a real, living person and â€Å"thus she passed from generation to generation — dear, inescapable, impervious, tranquil, and perverse.† In her old age she is seen as a monument to the past that is never seen outside of her house. All of the respect that her father had earned died with the old men and women of the town. Frames also seem to be symbolic in â€Å"A Rose for Emily.† One of the examples is the scene where the narrator is describing Miss Emily’s father as standing in the foreground and framed by the doorway as he held would be suitors at bay. Meanwhile Miss Emily is framed in the background. Emily’s father. Mr. Grierson is a controlling, looming presence even in death, and the community clearly sees his lasting influence over Emily. Also he references framing with reference to her crayon picture of her father in the gold frame. The whole story is framed in the idea of traditions dying out as time passes. monument† who left a part of her behind in the grey hair. The single grey hair on the pillow is another symbolism. The old hair on the pillow signifies that Emily is a history in the town now, lying with corpses as all that she has had to be proud of is also dead. Her desperate attempt to maintain a hold upon the past has failed and she is a â€Å"fallen angel’. The house that Emily lives in is a symbolism that shows the decay as Emily begin getting older and older. The house at one time was one of the most beautiful homes in the whole town of Jefferson. In Emily’s youth the house was always well kept. As Emily aged so did the house she lived in. The street she lives in from the symbolic of high class became the worst for the entire town. With faded paint and an unkempt yard it even began to smell at one point. The men of the old Jefferson would never tell a lady that her house smelled so they cured the smell themselves. It would seem that the house and Emily where connected in a way. Both of them had grown old and lost their brightness. The house was also looked at in the same way as Emily. Emily lost her mind and her looks. The house lost the beauty it once held due to old age. They where looked at as a monument to the past. The most important symbolism among the all in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is in the title itself. The rose is most often thought of as a symbol for love in the case Homer is the â€Å"rose† or love for Emily. Her father thought there was no man was good enough for her or for the Grierson family. Therefore she was never able to experience passion or the rose of love until she met Homer. The rose for Emily is hope, and passion. However, there is another meaning of rose to consider. However, the rose in the title of the story could therefore stand for Emily’s secret; that is Homer her â€Å"rose† whom she cherished, loved and kept to herself even after his body was corrupted by the decay of time. While Faulkner had many symbolisms in â€Å"A Rose For Emily†, the symbolisms of the monument, the frame, the grey hair, the house and a rose are the most important and worthful ones throughout the entire story. Author William Faulkner truly wrote a wonderful story about an old women who loses her mind. â€Å"A Rose For Emily† uses different symbolisms to show the way in which people all grow old and decay, it tells a story of fallen angel Emily’s life. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner Essay Love, obsession and Gossip In â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† William Faulkner uses the point of view of the townspeople to show their personal opinions and judgment’s of Miss Emily. He writes a story about a woman who is traumatized by the way her father has raised her and the effects of his strict and overprotective mentality. Because of her father’s death she finds it difficult to let go and live a normal life that involves social interaction. To make matters worse than her anti-social attitude, Emily is stereotyped and judged by those in her community. In light of her upbringing and the judgments of the townspeople, Emily becomes attached to anyone who shows her attention. In turn, she is very protective and insecure of herself in her ability to keep those who she cares about in her life. Emily’s father was a wealthy man who would stop at nothing to make his daughter happy, or so he thought. He was said to be so wealthy that he â€Å"had loaned money to the town† (432). He was very strict with Miss Emily in that he would not let any males come to visit or even come near her. Faulkner illustrates this characteristic in writing, â€Å"None of the young men were quite good enough for Miss Emily and such† (434). The relationships and love that Emily desired were brutally taken away from her because of her father’s struggle to maintain the family status. The author illustrates this by explaining her situation, â€Å"†¦ even with insanity in the family she wouldn’t have turned down all of her chances if they had really materialized† (434). Regardless if Emily wanted to date or not, her father would not let ny of her relationships flourish. Because of her father’s attitude, Emily grew to be very sheltered, and it was no surprise to the town that she was single at the age of thirty. Her father was selfish, and his selfishness abolished all hopes of happiness for her. She felt stuck in her father’s world with no way out. Not only did she feel alone, but she was also under extreme pressure to live up to her father’s name and maintain the families status in their town. Emily’s need to have someone in her life becomes so great that it leads her to stray from her father’s expectations. This is evident when Miss Emily begins to show interest in Homer Barron, a â€Å"Yankee† construction foreman. Emily’s actions raise a dispute of feelings among the townspeople, â€Å"†¦because the ladies all said, ‘Of course a Grierson would not think  seriously of a Northerner, a day laborer.’ But there were still others, old people, who said that even grief could not cause a real lady to forget noblesse oblige-without calling it noblesse oblige† (435). The difference in opinions of the townspeople suggests the generation gap and values of the different generations. The new and old generationsâ€℠¢ values conflict because they each believe in different ideas. The older townspeople want Emily to behave appropriately and live up to her family’s name. They are also more willing to help Emily in her endeavours because they think of her as proper and noble. The older generation of townspeople felt that her family was â€Å"a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town, dating from that day in 1894 when Colonel Sartoris, the mayor-†¦-remitted her taxes† (432). The older generation performed favors for Emily because of her family’s status and heritage. They wanted Miss Emily to fail because it would satisfy their hidden jealousies. The new generation on the other hand, is not as compassionate toward her because they are only familiar with her, not her past relatives, who were well respected and admired. The new generation was not favorable to her past situation. â€Å"When the next generation, with its more modern ideas, became mayors and aldermen, this arrangement created some little dissatisfaction† (432). The arrangement of Emily’s remitted taxes was not accepted by the new generation of town officials. Faulkner illustrates the difference in values near the beginning of the story to introduce the reader to Emily’s situation. Throughout the story, evidence proves that Emily’s every move is scrutinized by her community. For example, when the story opens, everyone in the town is at her funeral. Faulkner writes, â€Å"Our whole town went to the funeral: the men through a sort of respectful affection for a fallen monument, the women mostly out of curiosity to see the inside of her house, which no one save an old man servant-a combined gardener and cook-had seen in at least ten years†( 431). The people of the town go to Miss Emily’s funeral, not out of respect, but out of hypocrisy and curiosity. The community views her as a â€Å"fallen monument.† The men in the town attend the funeral to respect her family’s name and her father’s suc cess while the women went solely to judge her home. In other words, she was once looked upon highly, but through the years she became a recluse and detached herself from society. Emily’s reasons for secluding herself from society go back to when her father was alive and he was her world. After her  father’s death, she has a hard time dealing with the fact that he has passed on because now she is alone. Her father kept her from finding anyone worth marrying, so now she will have to live by herself. The reader can reason Emily’s importance of her father from Faulkner’s writing, â€Å"On a tarnished gilt easel before the fireplace stood a crayon portrait of Miss Emily’s father† (432). The reader can assume that the portrait was drawn by her and she is trying to hold onto the only person left in her life. The loss of her father leads Emily to pursue a relationship with the northerner, Homer Barron. Emily becomes attached to him because she is lonely and feels rejected by the town. The traditions , customs, and prejudices of the South doom their â€Å"so-called† affair to end. Emily and him would take drives and attend church together, but according to Faulkner’s story Emily discovers that he is not attracted to women. She is already in an unstable state of mind and this information pushes her to the extreme. Emily’s relationship with Barron becomes an obsession rather than a love or compassion. Her obsession forces her to take things to the next level. Emily buys items which point towards marriage and the town begins to talk, as usual. According to Faulkner, Emily purchases â€Å"a man’s toilet set in silver, with the letters H.B. On each piece† and â€Å"a complete outfit of men’s clothing, including a nightshirt† (436). Emily’s beliefs that she was going to have this man forever cause her to buy these things. In Emily’s eyes, whether he wanted to be with her or not, she was determined to have him for her own. The reader does not discover that she has secretly poisoned Homer Barron with arsenic until the end of the story. Out of curiosity the townspeople search her home, but not until after her burial. Their findings satisfies their desire to know the real truth about her. Faulkner writes, â€Å"The body had apparently once lain in the attitude of embrace, but now the long sleep that outlasts love, that conquers even the grimace of love, had cuckolded him† (438). This statement proves that Emily kills Homer out of desperation because she new that by killing him he would never leave her like her father did, because this sleep would, â€Å"outlast love†. Miss Emily’s father had sheltered her so much that she could not possibly see herself alone again. All of Miss Emily’s actions throughout her life, prove that she did not kill Homer out of love, but out of desperation and loneliness. She became her father’s child and sheltered Homer like her father had once sheltered her.  Homer was Emily’s â€Å"rose† and she was not going to let it die.

Fundamentals of Geography Essay

In geology, a rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids. For example, the common rock, granite, is a combination of the quartz, feldspar and biotite minerals. The Earth’s outer solid layer, the lithosphere, is made of rock. Rocks have been used by mankind throughout history. From the Stone Age rocks have been used for tools. The minerals and metals we find in rocks have been essential to human civilization. [1] Three major groups of rocks are defined: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The scientific study of rocks is called petrology, which is an essential component of geology. At a granular level, rocks are composed of grains of minerals, which, in turn, are homogeneous solids formed from a chemical compound that is arranged in an orderly manner. The aggregate minerals forming the rock are held together by chemical bonds. The types and abundance of minerals in a rock are determined by the manner in which the rock was formed. Many rocks contain silica (SiO2); a compound of silicon and oxygen that forms 74. 3% of the Earth’s crust. This material forms crystals with other compounds in the rock. The proportion of silica in rocks and minerals is a major factor in determining their name and properties. [2] Rocks are geologically classified according to characteristics such as mineral and chemical composition, permeability, the texture of the constituent particles, and particle size. These physical properties are the end result of the processes that formed the rocks. [3] Over the course of time, rocks can transform from one type into another, as described by the geological model called the rock cycle. These events produce three general classes of rock:igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The three classes of rocks are subdivided into many groups. However, there are no hard and fast boundaries between allied rocks. By increase or decrease in the proportions of their constituent minerals they pass by every gradation into one another, the distinctive structures also of one kind of rock may often be traced gradually merging into those of another. Hence the definitions adopted in establishing rock nomenclature merely correspond to more or less arbitrary selected points in a continuously graduated series. 4] Igneous Igneous rock (derived from the Latin word igneus meaning of fire, from ignis meaning fire) forms through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. This magma can be derived from partial melts of pre-existing rocks in either a planet’s mantle or crust. Typically, the melting of rocks is caused by one or more of three processes: an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or a change in composition. Igneous rocks are divided into two main categories: plutonic rock and volcanic. Plutonic or intrusive rocks result when magma cools and crystallizesslowly within the Earth’s crust. A common example of this type is granite. Volcanic or extrusive rocks result from magma reaching the surface either aslava or fragmental ejecta, forming minerals such as pumice or basalt. [3] The chemical abundance and the rate of cooling of magma typically forms a sequence known as Bowen’s reaction series, after the Canadian petrologist Norman L. Bowen. Most major igneous rocks are found along this scale. [2] About 64. 7% of the Earth’s crust by volume consists of igneous rocks; making it the most plentiful category. Of these, 66% are basalts and gabbros, 16% are granite, and 17% granodiorites and diorites. Only 0. 6% are syenites and 0. 3% peridotites and dunites. The oceanic crust is 99% basalt, which is an igneous rock of mafic composition. Granites and similar rocks, known as meta-granitoids, form much of the continental crust. [5] Over 700 types of igneous rocks have been described, most of them having formed beneath the surface of Earth’s crust. These have diverse properties, depending on their composition and how they were formed. Sedimentary Sedimentary rocks are formed by sedimentation of particles at or near the Earth’s surface and within bodies of water. This process causes clasticsediments or organic particles (detritus) to settle and accumulate, or for minerals to chemically precipitate (evaporite) from a solution. The particulate matter then undergoes compaction and cementation during diagenesis. Before being deposited, sediment was formed by weathering and erosion in a source area, and then transported to the place of deposition by water,wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers which are called agents of denudation. Mud rocks comprise 65% (mudstone, shale and siltstone); sandstones 20 to 25% and carbonate rocks 10 o 15% (limestone and dolostone). [3] About 7. 9% of the crust by volume is composed of sedimentary rocks, with 82% of those being shales, while the remainder consist of limestone (6%), sandstone and arkoses (12%). [5] Metamorphic Metamorphic rocks are formed by subjecting any rock type—sedimentary rock, igneous rock or another older metamorphic rock—to differenttemperature and pressure conditions than those in which the original rock was formed. This process is called metamorphism; meaning to â€Å"change in form†. The result is a profound change in physical properties and chemistry of the stone. The original rock, known as the protolith, transforms into other mineral types or else into other forms of the same minerals, such as by recrystallization. [3] The temperatures and pressures required for this process are always higher than those found at the Earth’s surface: temperatures greater than 150 to 200  °C and pressures of 1500 bars. [6] Metamorphic rocks compose 27. 4% of the crust by volume. [5] The three major classes of metamorphic rock are based upon the formation mechanism. An intrusion of magma that heats the surrounding rock causes contact metamorphism—a temperature-dominated transformation. Pressure metamorphism occurs when sediments are buried deep under the ground; pressure is dominant and temperature plays a smaller role. This is termed burial metamorphism, and it can result in rocks such as jade. Where both heat and pressure play a role, the mechanism is termed regional metamorphism. This is typically found in mountain-building regions. [2] Depending on the structure, metamorphic rocks are divided into two general categories. Those that possess a texture are referred to as foliated; the remainder are termed non-foliated. The name of the rock is then determined based on the types of minerals present. Schists are foliated rocks that are primarily composed of lamellar minerals such as micas. A gneiss has visible bands of differing lightness, with a common example being the granite gneiss. Other varieties of foliated rock include slates, phyllites, and mylonite. Familiar examples of non-foliated metamorphic rocks include marble,soapstone, and serpentine. This branch contains quartzite—a metamorphosed form of sandstone—and hornfels. [2] In geography maps are one of the most important tools researchers, cartographers, students and others can use to examine the entire Earth or a specific part of it. Simply defined maps are pictures of the Earth’s surface. They can be general reference and show landforms, political boundaries, water, the locations of cities, or in the case of thematic maps, show different but very specific topics such as the average rainfall distribution for an area or the distribution of a certain disease throughout a county. Today with the increased use of GIS, also known as Geographic Information Systems, thematic maps are growing in importance. There are however applications for different types of general reference maps when the different types are understood correctly. These maps do not just show a city’s location for example; instead the different map types can show a plethora of information about places around the world. The following is a list of each major map type used by geographers and a description of what they are and an example of each kind. †¢ Political Map: A political map does not show any topographic features. It instead focuses solely on the state and national boundaries of a place. They also include the locations of cities – both large and small, depending on the detail of the map. A common type of political map would be one showing the 50 U.  S. states and their borders along with the United States’ north and south international borders (map of the United States). †¢ Physical Map: A physical map is one that shows the physical landscape features of a place. They generally show things like mountains, rivers and lakes and water is always shown with blue. Mountains and elevation changes are usually shown with different colors and shades to show relief. Normally on physical maps green shows lower elevations while browns show high elevations. An example of a physical map is one showing the state of Hawaii (map of Hawaii). Low elevation coastal regions are shown in dark green, while the higher elevations transition from orange to dark brown. Rivers are shown in blue. †¢ Topographic Map: A topographic map is similar to a physical map in that it shows different physical landscape features. They are different however because they use contour lines instead of colors to show changes in the landscape. Contour lines on topographic maps are normally spaced at regular intervals to show elevation changes (e. g. each line represents a 100 foot (30 m) elevation change) and when lines are close together the terrain is steep. For example a topographic map showing the Big Island of Hawaii would have contour lines that are close together near the steep, high elevation mountains of Mauna Loa and Kilauea (map of the Big Island). By contrast, the low elevation, flat coastal areas show contour lines that are spread apart. †¢ Climate Map: A climate map shows information about the climate of an area. They can show things like the specific climatic zones of an area based on the temperature, the amount of snow an area receives or average number of cloudy days. These maps normally use colors to show different climatic areas. A climate map for Australia for example uses colors to show differences between the temperate area of Victoria and desert region in the center of the continent. †¢ Economic or Resource Map: An economic or resource map shows the specific type of economic activity or natural resources present in an area through the use of different symbols or colors depending on what is being shown on the map. For example an economic activity map for Brazil can use colors to show different agricultural products of given areas, letters for natural resources and symbols for different industries (image showing a map of Brazil). Road Map: A road map is one of the most widely used map types. These maps show major and minor highways and roads (depending on detail) as well as things like airports, city locations and points of interest like parks, campgrounds and monuments. Major highways on a road map are generally red and larger than other roads, while minor roads are a lighter color and a narrower line. A road map of San Francisco, California for example would show the major highways as a wide red line and other large roads as a lighter red with minor streets as gray (map of San Francisco). Thematic Map: A thematic map is a map that focuses on a particular theme or special topic and they are different from the six aforementioned general reference maps because they do not just show natural features like rivers, cities, political subdivisions, elevation and highways. If these items are on a thematic map, they are background information and are used as reference points to enhance the map’s theme. An example of a thematic map would be one showing the population change of Canada in specific locations from 1996 to 2001. The map shows the theme it is attempting to get across to its audience and uses a political map (e. g. one showing the provincial and territorial borders of Canada) to give it more of a reference. What Is the Difference Between Weather and Climate? It’s a sweltering midsummer day. â€Å"It must be global warming,† mutters someone. But is it the Earth’s changing climate that has made the day so warm? Or, is it just the weather that is so unbearable? Weather is the mix of events that happen each day in our atmosphere including temperature, rainfall and humidity. Weather is not the same everywhere. Perhaps it is hot, dry and sunny today where you live, but in other parts of the world it is cloudy, raining or even snowing. Everyday, weather events are recorded and predicted by meteorologists worldwide. Climate in your place on the globe controls the weather where you live. Climate is the average weather pattern in a place over many years. So, the climate of Antarctica is quite different than the climate of a tropical island. Hot summer days are quite typical of climates in many regions of the world, even without the effects of global warming. Climates are changing because our Earth is warming, according to the research of scientists. Does this contribute to a warm summer day? It may, however global climate change is actually much more complicated than that because a change in the temperature can cause changes in other weather elements such as clouds or precipitation. Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air, and the means (together with the smaller ocean circulation) by whichthermal energy is distributed on the surface of the Earth. The large-scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the basic climatological structure remains fairly constant. Individual weather systems – mid-latitude depressions, or tropical convective cells – occur â€Å"randomly†, and it is accepted that weather cannot be predicted beyond a fairly short limit: perhaps a month in theory, or (currently) about ten days in practice (see Chaos theory and Butterfly effect). Nonetheless, as the climate is the average of these systems and patterns – where and when they tend to occur again and again – it is stable over longer periods of time. As a rule, the â€Å"cells† of Earth’s atmosphere shift polewards in warmer climates (e. g. nterglacials compared to glacials), but remain largely constant even due to continental drift; they are, fundamentally, a property of the Earth’s size, rotation rate, heating and atmospheric depth, all of which change little. Tectonic uplift can significantly alter major elements of it, however – for example the jet stream -, and plate tectonics shift ocean currents. In t he extremely hot climates of the Mesozoic, indications of a third desert belt at the Equator has been found; it was perhaps caused by convection. But even then, the overall latitudinal pattern of Earth’s climate was not much different from the one today. The wind belts girdling the planet are organised into three cells: the Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell, and the Polar cell. Contrary to the impression given in the simplified diagram, the vast bulk of the vertical motion occurs in the Hadley cell; the explanations of the other two cells are complex. Note that there is one discrete Hadley cell that may split, shift and merge in a complicated process over time[citation needed]. Low and high pressures on earth’s surface are balanced by opposite relative pressures in the upper troposphere.